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explain the reign of terror in brief class 9

Review Napoleon’s career from the military to the Directory. Thus, the Girondins ceased to be a political force. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. State finances were in total disarray. In June 1793, Paris sections took over the Convention, calling for administrative and political purges, a low fixed price for bread, and a limitation of the electoral franchise to sans-culottes alone. They had to call a meeting of the Estates-General, a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives, to pass proposals for new taxes. Many who conspired against Robespierre did so for strong practical and personal reasons, most notably self-preservation. Napoleon became “first consul” for ten years, and appointed two consuls who had consultative voices only. General Augereau’s soldiers arrested Pichegru, Barthélemy, and the leading royalist deputies of the Councils. After this campaign, he was sent on a mission to the Republic of Genoa to determine that country’s intentions towards France. The National Convention was a single-chamber assembly in France from September 20, 1792, to October 26, 1795, during the French Revolution. A commission was established to examine evidence against the King while the Convention’s Legislation Committee considered legal aspects of any future trial. Across Europe, conservatives were horrified and monarchies called for war against revolutionary France. Medal of the First French Legislative Assembly (1791-1792), Augustin Challamel, Histoire-musée de la république Française, depuis l’assemblée des notables, Paris, Delloye, 1842. The Marseillais volunteers departing, sculpted on the Arc de Triomphe. In France, the Reign of Terror followed. Louis XVI heard 33 charges. However, the slavery began to be criticized in France. It was the first French assembly elected by universal male suffrage without distinctions of class. The extensive demand of sugar, coffee and indigo in European market was fulfilled by the exploitation of slaves as labours. Violence, arbitrary and dubious forms of justice, and heavy-handed repression were methods commonly employed by the Directory. Joseph Fouché also played an important role as instigator of the events. The People Storming the Tuileries on 20 June, 1792, Jacques-Antoine Dulaure, Esquisses historiques des principaux événemens de la révolution, v. 2, Paris, Baudouin frères, 1823.: The King’s veto of the Legislative Assembly’s decrees was published on June 19, just one day before the 3rd anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath that inaugurated the Revolution. The Reign of Terror was … His refusal united all the Jacobins in the project of overturning the monarchy by force. Many port cities like Bordeaux and Nates got economic prosperity by the trade of slaves and many of the merchants were increasing their wealth by trade of slavery. He allied with a number of prominent political figures tooverthrew the Directory by a coup d’état on November 9, 1799 (Coup of 18th Brumaire, according to the revolutionary calendar), closing down the Council of Five Hundred. View solution Describe the status of the nobles in France before the revolution. The leader of this group was a man named Robespierre. The period from 1793 to 1794 was referred to as the ‘Reign of Terror’ because of the following reasons: Maximilian Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. It was formed as an administrative body to supervise and expedite the work of the executive bodies of the Convention and the government ministers appointed by the Convention. He spent the early years of the Revolution in Corsica, fighting in a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. It was even suggested that Mailhe had been paid, perhaps by Spanish gold. His power was confirmed by the new Constitution of 1799, which preserved the appearance of a republic but in reality established a dictatorship. As he did not give the names of the “traitors,” all in the Convention had reason to fear that they were the targets. In October 1795, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention. The Thermidorian regime that followed proved unpopular, facing many rebellions after the execution of Robespierre and his allies along with 70 members of the Paris Commune. He spent the early years of the Revolution in Corsica, fighting in a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. His power was confirmed by the new Constitution of 1799, which preserved the appearance of a republic but in reality established a dictatorship. In their place they endorsed the political ascendancy of the Jacobins. King Louis XVI and the royal family took shelter with the Legislative Assembly, which was suspended. It was ratified by public referendum, but never put into force. Ex-nobles, clergy, members of other political parties and even the members of his own party, who did not agree with his methods, were arrested, imprisoned and guillotined. In the first encounter between the two armies, Napoleon pushed back his opponents and advanced deep into Austrian territory. The national movements in various colonies; including India, Indo-China and South Africa were greatly influenced by the developments in French Revolution. Answer: Louis XVI of the Bourbon […] Few were nobles, very few were clergymen, and the majority came from the middle class. After deputies who attempted to leave were met with guns, they resigned themselves to declare the arrest of 29 leading Girondins. Across Europe, conservatives were horrified and monarchies called for war against revolutionary France. The period from 1793 to 1794 was referred to as the ‘Reign of Terror’ because of the following reasons: Maximilian Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. Within days, the Convention was overtaken by factional conflicts. Despite growing discontent with the National Convention as a ruling body, in June the Convention drafted the Constitution of 1793, which was ratified by popular vote in early August. It consists of two poles and a blade. Chaos persisted until the National Convention, elected by universal male suffrage and charged with writing a new constitution, met on September 20, 1792, and became the new de facto government of France. In spite of revolution, women did not get right to vote and their position in the society remained unchanged. In June 1794, Robespierre, who favored deism over atheism, recommended that the Convention acknowledge the existence of his god. The former Louis XVI, now simply named Citoyen Louis Capet (Citizen Louis Capet), was executed by guillotine. The Committee carried out thousands of executions against supposed enemies of the young Republic. In the Montenotte Campaign, he separated the armies of Sardinia and Austria, defeating each one in turn, and then forced a peace on Sardinia. Among people who were condemned by the revolutionary tribunals, about 8% were aristocrats, 6% clergy, 14% middle class, and 72% were workers or peasants accused of hoarding, evading the draft, desertion, or rebellion. Author unknown; source: “La Guillotine en 1793” by Hector Fleischmann (1908). Little more than a third of the deputies were present, almost all of them Jacobins. The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was the most famous among them. Marie Antoinette was tried separately, after Louis’s death. The Reign of Terror was started on 5 September, 1793. Leading up to the Terror The royal family became prisoners and a rump session of the Legislative Assembly suspended the monarchy. The Demonstration of June 20, 1792, followed as the last peaceful attempt made by the people of Paris to persuade King Louis XVI of France to abandon his current policy and attempt to follow what they believed to be a more empathetic approach to governing. During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. But Napoleon again introduced the slavery system. Any person who did not agree with his policies was guillotined. The following points explain the Reign of Terror: (a) The period from 1793 to 1794 is called the Reign of Terror because Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. Not a single deputy voted “no,” although 26 attached some condition to their votes. During the Terror, the committee exercised virtual dictatorial control over the French government. The climax of extreme anti-clericalism was reached with the celebration of the goddess Reason in Notre Dame Cathedral in November. They arrested and executed anyone who they suspected might not be loyal to the revolution. The Directory was continually at war with foreign coalitions. The Thermidorian Reaction was a coup d’état during the French Revolution resulting in a Thermidorian regime characterized by the violent elimination of its perceived opponents. Napoleon’s Italian victories overshadowed his Egyptian defeats during the French Revolutionary Wars, while his position at home strengthened after the Directory became dependent on the military. As a result of Robespierre’s insistence on associating Terror with Virtue, his efforts to make the republic a morally united patriotic community became equated with the endless bloodshed. Although, he considered himself to be the leader of this group, and soon began adopting methods which tortured the people of the revolution. The Reign of Terror grew out of the events of the summer of 1792. For historians of revolutionary movements, the term Thermidor has come to mean the phase in some revolutions when power slips from the hands of the original revolutionary leadership and a radical regime is replaced by a more conservative regime, sometimes to the point at which the political pendulum swings back towards something resembling a pre-revolutionary state. During the Reign of Terror, the new government issued laws ordering the closure of women's clubs and banning their political activities. With the establishment of the Directory, contemporary observers might have assumed that the Revolution was finished. According to the principle each estate had one vote. Barras and Rewbell were notoriously corrupt and screened corruption in others. In the end, Robespierre himself united his enemies when he gave a speech to the Convention in which he railed against enemies and conspiracies, some within the powerful committees. Reign of Terror ended with the end of Robespierre. The wars exhausted the state budget but if peace were made, the armies would return home and the directors would have to face the exasperation of the rank-and-file who had lost their livelihood, as well as the ambition of generals who could, in a moment, brush them aside. Its most famous leaders were Jacques Pierre Brissot, the philosopher Condorcet, and Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud. French Revolution not only had a long lasting impact on the French society but also on the whole world. They were staunch constitutional monarchists, firm in their defense of the King against the popular agitation. He devised plans for attacking the Kingdom of Sardinia as part of France’s campaign against the First Coalition. This essay argues the following points instead: In France, the monarch didn’t have the power to impose taxes. When the elections of 1798 and 1799 were carried by the opposition, it used the Army to imprison and exile opposition leaders and close opposition newspapers. Besides functioning as legislative bodies, the Council of Five Hundred proposed the list from which the Council of Ancients chose five Directors who jointly held executive power. Maximilian Robespierre sentenced to death all those persons who he considered as enemies of the republic, whether they were ex-noble, clergy, and members of any political parties; including Jacobins. The Girondins represented the more moderate elements of the Convention and protested the vast influence held in the Convention by Parisians. In the elections of 1797 for one-third of the seats, the Royalists won the great majority and were poised to take control of the Directory in the next election. After the first few years of the French Revolution, France certainly found itself in desperate times. Although the Girondins and the Jacobins were both on the extreme left and shared many of the same radical republican convictions, the Jacobins were more brutally efficient in setting up a war government. Any person who did not agree with his policies was guillotined. The execution of Louis XVI on January 21, 1793, radicalized the French Revolution at home and united European monarchies against revolutionary France. Louis repeatedly vetoed decrees proposed by the Assembly and the war against Austria (soon joined by Prussia) intensified tensions. It succeeded the Legislative Assembly  and founded the First Republic after the Insurrection of August 10, 1792. Its dominance marked the Reign of Terror. The following day, the Convention’s president Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac presented it with the indictment and decreed the interrogation of Louis XVI. Augereau_Coup_d_etat_18_Fructidor_in_Tuileries.jpg. The main causes of the reign of terror were that people was obsessed with the anti-revolution feeling so thousands of people were suspected of anti-revolutionary activities or of helping France’s enemies. The local leaders of this new stage of the revolution were assisted in their work by the fear of invasion by the allied army. Simultaneously, the Committee of Public Safety carried out thousands of executions against supposed enemies of the young republic. Events came to a head in June when Lafayette sent a letter to the Assembly recommending the suppression of the “anarchists” and political clubs in the capital. Most Montagnards (radical republicans) favored judgement and execution, while the Girondins (moderate republicans) were divided concerning Louis’s fate, with some arguing for royal inviolability, others for clemency, and still others for either lesser punishment or death. The new Convention, occupied mostly with matters of war, did little to remedy the problem until April 1793 when they created the Committee of Public Safety. 379 members of the National Convention, for the most part moderate republicans, were elected to the new legislature. Only one out of the five original members served on the Directory throughout its entire existence. The Closing of the Jacobin Club, during the night of July 27-28, 1794. After that they were married by their families even against their will. She was guillotined on October 16, 1793. This effectively led to Bonaparte’s dictatorship and in 1804 to his proclamation as emperor. Which statement is a valid generalization about the immediate results of the French Revolution of 1 7 8 9? The clash between Directory and member of councils led to political instability, which opened the door of military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte. The constitution of 1791 made them disappointed as they were pushed to the category of passive citizen in that. He met Talleyrand, France’s new Foreign Minister—who served in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon—and they began to prepare for an invasion of Britain. Here are the solutions, questions, answers, and notes of chapter 1: French Revolution which is a part of social science class 9 syllabus of students studying under the Nagaland Board of School Education. • Maximilian Robespierre, leader of the Jacobins, followed the policy of severe control and punishment. The Revolutionary Tribunal summarily condemned thousands of people to death by guillotine, while mobs beat other victims to death. In all, the committee oversaw some 17,000 official executions. In June 1794, Robespierre, who favored deism over atheism and had previously condemned the Cult of Reason, recommended that the convention acknowledge the existence of his god. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium. Napoleon Bonaparte, aged 23, lieutenant-colonel of a battalion of Corsican Republican volunteers, paitning by Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux, ca. The trade of slave started in seventeenth century. Upon Father Edgeworth’s advice, he avoided a farewell scene with his family. Meanwhile, on June 24, the Convention adopted the first republican constitution of France, the French Constitution of 1793. The Directory defeated a resurgence of the War in the Vendée, the royalist-led civil war in the Vendée region, but failed in its venture to support the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and create an Irish Republic. Voted for death without conditions, just carrying the vote by a marginal.. Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the execution were completed after trial by revolutionary tribunal celebrated and controversial figures! He marched his army back to Egypt in May 1798, Bonaparte promoted! 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